Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex and Mans Struggle Against Nature :: science

Sex and Man's Struggle Against Nature In Sex and Violence, or Nature and Art, Camille Paglia claims nature is naturally more grounded than culture. Society is a counterfeit development, a guard against nature's power.a arrangement of acquired structures diminishing our mortifying aloofness to nature. (Writing in the Disciplines 572) I concur with most of Paglia's conclusions, in any case, I accept that there are focuses that could have been explained on more significantly. In this exposition, Paglia states that man is brought into the world underhandedness and society must condition him to be a decent, moral individual. Paglia would differ with somebody who said the explanation an individual killed was on the grounds that he experienced childhood in a terrible segment of town, or his home life failed to impress anyone. Unexpectedly, Paglia claims it is the internal shrewdness, the nature, of the individual to slaughter, and it is society's absence of molding that discharges this savage reaction. Society isn't the crook yet the power which holds wrongdoing in line. (Writing in the Disciplines 574) She asserts regardless of how much an individual sinks into religion, or their general public, nature will consistently have the advantage. Paglia accepts if man is left to his regular impulses, with no danger of society's discipline, he will be insidious and submit underhanded deeds. In the public eye, sexual inclinations can regularly impact an individual's profound quality, making him re-think his qualities for sexual joy. She additionally proceeds to state, returning to nature. is sans give rein to viciousness and desire. (Writing in the Disciplines 573-574) I concur that this situation is a potential result, however Paglia neglects to make reference to that with out society we would have no clue, which deeds were insidious and which were most certainly not. It is society that has set the cutoff points and mentioned to us what is malevolent. Before men were assembled in social orders, they wandered aimlessly with no thought of good and bad. It wasn't until man made up his religion with its principles, guidelines and laws that he had a cognizant thought of wickedness. In any case, I do concur with Paglia that nature is the more grounded power, and regardless of the amount we attempt to trick ourselves into accepting that society or religion can spare us from the torment of nature, we will consistently be helped to remember earth's power. Humanized man hides from himself the degree of his subjection to nature.

The Gift of Forgiveness Christmas Story

The Gift of Forgiveness â€" Christmas Story The Christmas of 1949 we didn’t have a tree. My dad had as much pride as anybody, I suppose, so he wouldn’t just say that we couldn’t afford one.When I mentioned it, my mother said that we weren’t going to have one this year, that we couldn’t afford one, and even if we could â€" it was stupid to clutter up your house with a dead tree. I wanted a tree badly though, and I thought â€" in my naive way â€" that if we had one, everybody would feel better.About three days before Christmas, I was out collecting for my paper route. It was fairly late â€" long after dark â€" it was snowing and very cold.I went to the apartment building to try to catch a customer who hadn’t paid me for nearly two months â€" she owed me seven dollars.Much to my surprise, she was home. She invited me in and not only did she pay me, she gave me a dollar tip! It was a windfall for me â€" I now had eight whole dollars.What happened next was totally unplanned. On the way home, I walked past a Christmas t ree lot and the idea hit me.The selection wasn’t very good because it was so close to the holiday, but there was this one real nice tree. It had been a very expensive tree and no one had bought it; now it was so close to Christmas that the man was afraid no one would.He wanted ten dollars for it, but when I â€" in my gullible innocence â€" told him I only had eight, he said he might sell it for that.I really didn’t want to spend the whole eight dollars on the tree, but it was so pretty that I finally agreed.I dragged it all the way home â€" about a mile, I think â€" and I tried hard not to damage it or break off any limbs.The snow helped to cushion it, and it was still in pretty good shape when I got home.You can’t imagine how proud and excited I was. I propped it up against the railing on our front porch and went in.My heart was bursting as I announced that I had a surprise.I got Mom and Dad to come to the front door and then I switched on the porch light.Where did you get th at tree? my mother exclaimed.But it wasn’t the kind of exclamation that indicates pleasure.I bought it up on Main Street. Isn’t it just the most perfect tree you ever saw? I said, trying to maintain my enthusiasm.Where did you get the money? Her tone was accusing and it began to dawn on me that this wasn’t going to turn out as I had planned.From my paper route. I explained about the customer who had paid me.And you spent the whole eight dollars on this tree? she exclaimed.She went into a tirade about how stupid it was to spend my money on a dumb tree that would be thrown out and burned in a few days.She told me how irresponsible I was and how I was just like my dad with all those foolish, romantic, noble notions about fairy tales and happy endings and that it was about time I grew up and learned some sense about the realities of life and how to take care of money and spend it on things that were needed and not on silly things.She said that I was going to end up in the poorhous e because I believe in stupid things like Christmas trees, things that didn’t amount to anything.I just stood there. My mother had never talked to me like that before and I couldn’t believe what I was hearing.I felt awful and I began to cry. Finally, she reached out and snapped off the porch light.Leave it there, she said. Leave that tree there till it rots, so every time we see it, we’ll all be reminded of how stupid the men in this family are.Then she stormed up the stairs to her bedroom and we didn’t see her until the next day.Dad and I brought the tree in and we made a stand for it.He got out the box of ornaments and we decorated it as best as we could; but men aren’t too good at things like that, and besides, it wasn’t the same without mom.There were a few presents under it by Christmas day â€" although I can’t remember a single one of them â€" but Mom wouldn’t have anything to do with it.It was the worst Christmas I ever had.Fast forward to today, Judi and I ma rried in August of 1963, and dad died on October 10 of that year. Over the next eight years, we lived in many places. Mom sort of divided up the year â€" either living with my sister Jary or with us.In 1971 we were living in Wichita, Kansas â€" Lincoln was about seven, Brendan was three and Kristen was a baby. Mom was staying with us during the holidays. On Christmas Eve I stayed up very late. I was totally alone with my thoughts, alternating between joy and melancholy, and I got to thinking about my paper route, that tree, what my mother had said to me and how Dad had tried to make things better.I heard a noise in the kitchen and discovered that it was mom. She couldn’t sleep either and had gotten up to make herself a cup of hot tea â€" which was her remedy for just about everything. As she waited for the water to boil, she walked into the living room and discovered me there. She saw my open Bible and asked me what I was reading. When I told her, she asked if I would read it to h er and I did.When the kettle began to whistle, she went and made her tea. She came back, and we started to visit. I told her how happy I was that she was with us for Christmas and how I wished that Dad could have lived to see his grandchildren and to enjoy this time because he always loved Christmas so. It got very quiet for a moment and then she said, Do you remember that time on Twelve Mile Road when you bought that tree with your paper route money?Yes, I said, I’ve just been thinking about it you know.She hesitated for a long moment, as though she were on the verge of something that was bottled up so deeply inside her soul that it might take surgery to get it out. Finally, great tears started down her face and she cried, Oh, son, please forgive me.That time and that Christmas have been a burden on my heart for twenty-five years. I wish your dad were here so I could tell him how sorry I am for what I said. Your dad was a good man and it hurts me to know that he went to his grave without ever hearing me say that I was sorry for that night. Nothing will ever make what I said right, but you need to know that your dad never did have any money sense (which was all too true).We were fighting all the time though not in front of you we were two months behind in our house payments, we had no money for groceries, your dad was talking about going back to Arkansas and that tree was the last straw. I took it all out on you. It doesn’t make what I did right, but I hoped that someday, when you were older, you would understand. I’ve wanted to say something for ever so long and I’m so glad it’s finally out.Well, we both cried a little and held each other and I forgave her â€" it wasn’t hard, you know.Then we talked for a long time, and I did understand; I saw what I had never seen and the bitterness and sadness that had gathered up in me for all those years gradually washed away.It was marvelously simple.The great gifts of this season â€" or any season â€" canâ €™t be put under the tree; you can’t wear them or eat them or drive them or play with them. We spend so much time on the lesser gifts â€" toys, sweaters, jewelry, the mint, anise and dill of Christmas â€" and so little on the great gifts â€" understanding, grace, peace and forgiveness. It’s no wonder that the holiday leaves us empty, because when it’s over, the only reminders we have are the dirty dishes and the January bills.By John William Smith from Hugs for the Holidays. Copyright ©1977 by Howard Publishing Co. Inc.

What s Black, Then White, And Said All Over - 957 Words

It is a well-known fact that technology and media outlets today play a major role in a person’s life. Generally, a person has access to the media through cellphones, computers, radios in a car and television. It may be perceived by some, even within a technologically advanced society such as America, that media has no effect upon enhancing cultural relationships, though many social networks do indeed connect cultures. Media and technology give people access to various cultures at an efficient and accelerated rate; thus making media an easy tool for making cultural connections. In the article â€Å"What’s Black, Then White, and Said All Over?†, Leslie Savan explores how the media and technology is used to spread black culture and how people use this culture in their daily lives. â€Å"Whaazzzaahhh?! Was just what the nation apparently needed on the eve of a new millennium. The sound instantly became an NBA refrain, a greeting on radio sports shows, the theme of an SNL skit...(Savan 450)† This Budweiser commercial is a perfect example of how technology and media can take a â€Å"black word† and put it into mainstream media. The commercial was centered around a group of African American friends all on the phone having a conversation with each other and drinking a Budweiser. Till this very day, Whaazzzaahhh is used and identified with black culture. Another great example of how culture can be spread through media comes from the article â€Å"Visible Man: Ethics in a World without Secrets†. InShow MoreRelatedRacial Relations Between The Police And Minority Communities Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-minority communities differ, how, and for what reasons? 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In one poll, whites said that they believed quite a bit of progress has been made since 1963, compared with only about one-third of blacks, according to a 2013 survey, which was done just beforeRead MoreEssay on Tom Robinson is Proved Guilty Before Trial1356 Words   |  6 PagesTrial In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Tom Robinson, the black man falsely convicted of rape, had absolutely no chance of a fair trial. There is proof of this in the time period in which it occurred as well as evidence from the novel itself. Tom Robinson had an unfair trial because it was his word against the Ewell’s, a white, trashy family. To Kill A Mockingbird took place in the 1930’s, a time that was enormously charged with racial tension. 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Groups like the K.K.K. wanted nothing less than white supremacy, and they would stop at nothing to obtain this goal. Many blacks were lynched, or even killed only because of the color of their skin. The following are examples of this; the ScottsboroRead MoreThe Consumption Of Lynching Images By Leigh Raiford970 Words   |  4 PagesLynching Images† portrays the horrific truth of what racism looked like in the â€Å"New South† after emancipation. Similar to the film we watched in class: Without Sanctuary, The lynching photographs have the images of postcards that depict lynching and the spectacle these public executions caused at the time with crowds of people coming from all over the state to watch someone be killed. Leigh Raiford claims that through these lynching photographs whites are trying to hold on to their supremacy and identityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Color Purple 1393 Words   |  6 PagesEven though today s society tries to be just, that does not always happen. Learning the past injustice that has happened can help structure the way todays world is but history can repeat itself. Rape, racism and many more acts of hate are still not dealt with just like back in the 1930 s where both of these novels took place. Both of these novels conversant one of the most egregious injustices; rape. Rape has always been erroneous. In The Color Purple the novel begins with Celie describing beingRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Lives Matter movement has swept across America. It s branched out with chapters in over 31 cities and held rallies and boycotts across the United States(Sidner). The Black Lives Matter movement started with the outrage of the death of a young man. It continues to ta ke over headlines and raise awareness on police brutality and inequality. However, the movement has met resistance from the All Lives Matter group. This group thinks that Black Lives Matter is a movement to express hatred towardsRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism990 Words   |  4 Pagesebolished, but that is not the case. Ask any black person to tell you the daily challenges and differ4ences they face compared to a white man and the list could go on and on. Some black men and woman will attest to the fact that if you re in a group of all colored people and walking on a street, a lot of people who aren t of color will lock their doors. This is not completeley their fault either. The stereotype that all black people steal or that they re all bad people has been around for a while.Read MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pages The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to figh t several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race relations and women s stratum in the early 20th century. The

Never Judge A Book By Its Cover. This Being Said, In Raymond

Never judge a book by its cover. This being said, in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral,† there are three main characters; the narrator, his wife, and their guest of honor, Robert. He is visiting the narrator’s wife after the passing of his own beloved wife, Beulah. Prior to their meet, the Narrator, is terribly jealous of Robert. He has grown tired of his wife consistently talking about this blindman who she used to assist with his work. She tells the Narrator that before her second marriage, Robert placed his hands on her face and it was the most sensational feeling ever. His visit brings an unwelcoming comfortability for the Narrator. How can someone be so jealous of another’s friendship? Robert is the epitome of a short story character. He†¦show more content†¦Wisdom comes with time and the blind. Robert is very keen to reply when the narrator jokingly asks, â€Å"what side of the train did you sit on coming from New York?† (89). His re ply, ironically enough, was â€Å"the right side† (89). The narrator wasn’t expecting him to know which side was the more scenic side of the train since he was blind. Later on in the story, the narrator’s wife told Robert that, â€Å"she wants him to feel comfortable in this house† (89). Robert could sense that she was just looking out for him since her husband was being so rude. Robert knew that the joking around from the Narrator meant he was uncomfortable around Robert. After a few hours had passed by he tries to interact with the narrator. While listening to the TV, Robert asks the Narrator , â€Å"Are the paintings on the Cathedral frescoes?† (94). The question startles the narrator because he couldn’t believe that he knew what a fresco painting looked like. He didn’t even know what a fresco looks like himself. Then Robert asks the narrator to describe the cathedral to him. After attempting the narrator says â€Å"I’m no t doing very well am I?† (95). That’s when Robert knew how complacent the Narrator was with his life. The hopelessness in his words were unimaginable. The Narrator could not accept change. The reason for such a scene of guidance is to show the narrator that there is hope for him. and to not be afraid of change. ThatShow MoreRelatedLife Lessons In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay In this essay I will explain how three children named Scout, Jem, and Dill absorb some life lessons throughout the story. In this story two major things taught these kids life lessons, one of them would be Boo Radley a man who had his life stolen by his father who was a radical Christian, and the second would be the false rape charge against a black man named Tom Robinson. Also poverty and racism played a part too in teaching lessons. One of the biggest life lessonsRead MoreEssay about Raymond Carvers Cathedral1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe husband in Raymond Carvers â€Å"Cathedral† wasn’t enthusiastic about his wife’s old friend, whom was a blind man coming over to spend the night with them. His wife had kept in touch with the blind man since she worked for him in Seattle years ago. He didn’t know the blind man; he only heard tapes and stories about him. The man being blind bothered him, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing-eye dogs. ARead MoreEssay on Cathedral by Raymond Carver1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of Cathedral, by Raymond Carver, shows that you do not have to see someone or something in order to appreciate them for who or what they are. It is about a husband, the narrator, and his wife who live in a house. The wife, whose name they do not mention, has a very close friend who is blind. His name is Robert. Roberts wife dies, and comes to their house to spend a couple of days with the narrator and his wife. The narrator, whose name they do not mention as well, is always on edge becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1541 Words   |  7 Pagespoint has judged a book by its cover. In the short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, Raymond Carver creates a narrator who bases off ideas and assumptions about blind people from movies. The narrator has never interacted with a blind person before the day where his wife invites her friend, who is named Robert, to stay. The narrator and Robert have never met, but the narrator has a strong dislike towards Robert before meeting. The narrator’s closed-mindedness and misconceptions leads him to judge Robert, howeverRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Ch. 12 - 17 Study Questions3188 Words   |  13 Pagesdoes not have any hymn-books, rather they have a music superintendent who leads them into the songs. As the leader says one line, the entire church will repeat it in a chorus. Additionally, the reverend would ask God to help the ill, but rather than saying that generally, he focuses on more specific cases. 4. Why does Cal speak one way around colored people and another way around white people? Is she being honest or hypocritical in what she does? Explain. Cal is only being honest because she doesRead MoreStudy Guide Questions With Scout s And Jem s Father1972 Words   |  8 Pagescould read 5. Why did Scout rub Walter Cunningham s nose in the dirt? Scout got into more trouble with Ms. Fisher because she stood up for Walter 6. Scout said, He ain t company, Cal, he s just a Cunningham. What did she mean by that, and what was Cal s answer? She meant that he’s not really anything, he’s not that important and Cal said that he is guest and that he is a guest and scout must be respectful 7. What two mistakes did Miss Caroline make on the first day of school? Tried givingRead MoreMovie Review : Horror Movies1345 Words   |  6 PagesMonster House, and Casper were just made to teach kids a certain lesson. Like the reason for making the movie Monster House, was to teach kids to stay on your own property because you never know what will happen or what you will get yourself into (Monster House). The lesson from Casper is that you never judge a book by its cover and that you can become friends with anyone no matter what they look like (Casper). Movies have been around since the 1890s, but they were all Clark 2 produced without sound untilRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Truth Essay2116 Words   |  9 PagesAs Mahatma Gandhi said, â€Å"Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of morality.† Demonstrated every day in reality, and expressed in many works of art and literature, this maxim may best be shown in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. To Kill a Mockingbird is the multifaceted and passionate story about and narrated by young Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch as she grows up in 1930s Alabama, telling of the lessons she learns about prejudice, justice, and social rules. The narrativeRead MoreEssay about To Kill a Mocking Bird Mwds2213 Words   |  9 Pagesa form of plagiarism. | Exposition Scout tells us how she lives with her brother and her father, Atticus. The town is hit by the great depression but Atticus is a prominent lawyer so they are well off. inciting force the inciting force in this novel is Prejudice and Racism. Rising action Scout and Dill one summer meet Dill The three kids act out skits and Dill becomes fascinated with the Radley house Scout and Jem tell Dill how Boo has not come out in years Dill reutrns homeRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil By Harper Lee2401 Words   |  10 PagesThe book ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ written by Harper Lee is known as a classic book that is extremely relevant in today’s society as it explores themes that are experienced today which, makes the novel timeless. This book is written through a child’s eye better known as Scout, however still keeping it in an adult’s perspective through the complex structure and storyline. ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ is a deep explanation of the conflict that occurred between different people in the small city of Alabama

Power of Mind Free Essays

â€Å"The power of the mind† The Human Mind is a very unique gift Heavenly Father has given us. It is the most powerful and precious gift ever given to any living thing that have ever walked and that will yet to walk the earth in the years ahead. The mind alone stands out from anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has the power to make the invisible visible and the undoable doable. 100 years back, human kind would never believed nor willing to entertain the idea of traveling from one country to another using the sky as the highway. Fortunately the Wright Brothers envisioned and perceived in their minds the idea of people traveling by air using a different form of transportation known to us today as aeroplanes. The power of their minds made it possible for them to make their idea a reality which of course has contributed so much to the betterment of the lives of people living in their times onwards to this very day. We are very blessed to have minds given to us by our creator to enable us to think and do the things that our minds are capable of doing. There is no limit to how much we can do when we use our minds to their fullest capacity to make big dreams that seem to be unreachable come to reality. One of the problems that prevents human kind to excel and do extremely well in life is the lack of understanding of the power and capability of their minds. To ensure one does extremely well in life, it is very imperative that there is clear understanding of how mind functions. The mind somehow is very powerful. Whatever accomplishments and achievements some people have made in life were all initiated in the minds as thoughts and ideas. These thoughts and ideas will only come to reality if we allow our minds to entertain such thoughts and ideas for the purpose of achieving positive results that will contribute to the improving of our lives. The mind is just like a plot of land where it does not care what type of plant you plant on. The mind is divided into two parts one is known as the conscious mind and the other is the unconscious mind. The conscious mind’s function is to gather information and ideas. It does not care what comes in and out. However, once we know exactly what to do to allow our conscious minds to gather and process only ideas that will provide countless benefits and advantages to our lives, we will be well on our way to a successful future. The conscious mind picks up ideas and turns them into meaningful ones which then goes to the next phase of the mind known as the subconscious mind. The subconscious mind somehow is the part of our brains that controls ideas and process them in such a way that these ideas and thoughts turn into energy or vibrations connecting to the rest of our body. These vibrations are too strong that they will always force us to perform tasks that will lead to the accomplishment or achievement of the thoughts and ideas we initially conceived in our minds. Mostly what we have in our subconscious minds become our habits. They become paradigms that control every movement and actions we do in our lives. The conscious mind will work day and night to solidify the thoughts and ideas we once have and recognise them as sound ideas and thoughts that we accept as part of our daily living. How to cite Power of Mind, Papers

Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process free essay sample

As you read Hendersons definition of nursing, what nursing functions and actions are applicable today? Explain. Almost all basic independent nursing interventions have its basis on the fourteen nursing needs by Henderson. She described the role of the nurse as one of the following: substitutive, which is doing something for the patient; supplementary, which is helping the patient do something; or complimentary which is working with the patient to do something (http://nursing-theory. rg). In essence, all patient needs across the dependent-independent continuum would need some sort of intervention from the nurse while the patient is under her care with the main end-goal of full independence by the time the patient is discharged. Among different types of patients, those admitted in the intensive care units, particularly those who are rated 3 to 7 out of 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale require a mostly supplementary form of care. Simple activities of daily living are fully performed by the caregiver that includes, but not limited, to the following: maintaining patent airway by placing an oral protective airway and suctioning of secretions via oral or endotracheal tube (breathe normally); ensuring adequate nutrition by tube feeding either through NGT, PEG or intravenously (eat and drink adequately); frequent changing of soaked/ soiled diapers or underpads (depending on institution policies) or the insertion of a foley catheter as well as emptying of excess bodily fluids such as that from an ostomy appliance or a Jackson-Pratt drainage (eliminate body wastes); unless contraindicated, routine positioning and turning of the patient from side-to-side and flat on back for the prevention of bedsore formation and promotion of comfort or by employing postural drainage for mobilization of pulmonary secretions (move and maintain desirable body postures/protect the integument); ensuring ambient noise is minimized, provid ing dimmed but adequate lighting, maintaining room temperatures in check, and reducing patient manipulation during time of sleep (sleep and rest/maintain body temperature); routine hygienic measures such as daily bed baths and oral care, shaving of facial/body hair as necessary and regular change of linens and patient clothes/hospital gown (keep the body clean and well groomed/select suitable clothes); ensuring that side rails are up at all times, making sure that the bed is free from sharps or other objects that could be potentially harmful to the patient, following the 10 R’s and hospital protocols when administering medications (avoid dangers in the environment). We will write a custom essay sample on Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other cases a client (may it be the patient or a relative) maybe fully capable but is simply unaware, incompetent, uneducated, confused, or perhaps is undergoing some stressful situation at present, that a nurse is needed to guide, coach, counsel or teach. This is where a nurse’s most often overlooked roles come in the form of patient/client education and compassionate care through sympathizing and empathizing. Numbers 9 up to 14 of Henderson’s components fall under this type of nursing function. B. Select a patient in your practice setting or recall a patient when you were a student. Use Abdellahs typology of 21 nursing problems to assess the patient. Make an NCP and identify outcome measures. Patient A. M. a 55 year old male comes into the ER with complaints of a left sided chest pain that is 7/10 on the pain scale. Upon assessment, the patient is diaphoretic, his right hand clutching his chest and is short of breath. Upon interview, it was learned that started 6 h ours ago as an epigastric pain and so he thought that he was just having a heart burn but has now gotten worse and is now accompanied with difficulty of breathing. He states he is on hypertensive and diabetes medications and has had a previous double-vessel bypass surgery in 2008. Upon arrival, his vital signs are as follows: BP=186/101, HR=101, O2 Sat=95%, RR=22, and Temp=37. 4? C.

Stone Hedge essays

Stone Hedge essays Stone Hedge is a very complicated structure witch is located in England. Stone Hedge has many myths, legends, and questions surrounding its uses and origin. In this report it goes over the probabilities for the uses of Stone Hedge. Also it gives reasons why or why not it could have been used for that reason. Plus it gives a brief history about when and who built it. Stone Hedge is an elaborate circular formation mainly large blue stone and tertiary sandstone. It is located about eight miles north of Sabsbury, Witshire witch is in England. The outer ring of fifty-six stone holes is known as the Aubrey holes. These rings have holes were stones once where but have disappeared. "Each hole is about four feet deep and about six feet in diameter. These stones and the Heel stone where constructed around 1800b.c. in the Late Neolithic period." "Excavations between 1940 and 1961 suggested that Stonehenge was not built all at once but in three stages. These are Stonehenge I, II, and III. The third is broken down into three parts these are IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc." The first stones put into place where the Aubery stone and the Heel stone. Also built with these was a large mound of dirt around the out side of the Aubery stones. This circle has a diameter of three hundred twenty feet. It has one opening of thirty-five feet wide in the northeas t side facing the Heel stone. There are many different ideas as to why Stone Hendge was constructed, such as a solar temple, a lunar observatory, a place of healing and others witch is not based on scientific evidence such as a landing place for alien space craft. There have been many different excavations trying to solve the mystery about Stone Hendge. Some of the biggest questions are why and how di ...

Definition and Examples of Correctness in Language

Definition and Examples of Correctness in Language In prescriptive grammar, correctness is the notion that certain words, word forms, and syntactic structures meet the standards and conventions (that is, the rules) prescribed by traditional grammarians. Contrast correctness with grammatical error. According to  David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Achieving grammatical correctness is a matter of both knowledgehow to recognize and avoid errorsand timing: when to narrow your focus to proofreading (Writing Analytically, 2012). Examples and Observations It is in vain to set up a language police to stem living developments. (I have always suspected that correctness is the last refuge of those who have nothing to say.)(Friederich Waismann, Analytic-Synthetic V. Analysis, 1952)Concern with correctness, whether mechanical, logical, or rhetorical, is in no way illegitimate or suspect. Virtually all educators evaluate student writing for correctness of spelling, grammar, or logic. What generates the distinctive pedagogies of clear and correct writing is not a concern with correctness that no one else shares, but the rather less widespread notion that rules are somehow context-neutral, that they can be taught by themselves and then applied elsewhere.(Dennis McGrath and Martin B. Spear, The Academic Crisis of the Community College. SUNY Press, 1991)School Grammar and CorrectnessIn nearly every instance, school grammar is traditional grammar. It is concerned primarily with correctness and with the categorical names for the words that make up sentences. Thus, students study grammatical terms and certain rules that are supposed to be associated with correctness. Grammar instruction is justified on the assumption that students who speak or write expressions such as He dont do nothin will modify their language to produce He doesnt do anything if only they learn a bit more grammar. . . .Although most teachers in our public schools continue to prescribe language, linguists dropped prescription long ago, replacing it with the concept of appropriateness conditions. This expression signifies that language use is situation specific and that there is no absolute standard of correctness that applies to all situations. People modify their language on the basis of circumstances and dominant conventions . . ..(James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Three Kinds of Rules Most of our attitudes about correctness have been encouraged by generations of grammarians who, in their zeal to codify good English, have confused three kinds of rules:A few date from the twentieth century:But since grammarians have been accusing the best writers of violating such rules for the last 250 years, we have to conclude that for 250 years the best writers have been ignoring both the rules and the grammarians. Which is lucky for grammarians, because if writers did obey all their rules, grammarians would have to keep inventing new ones, or find another line of work.(Joseph M. Williams, Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace. Longman, 2003) Some rules define what makes English Englisharticles precede nouns: the book, not book the. These are the real rules we violate only when we are tired or rushed. . . .A few rules distinguish Standard English from nonstandard: He doesnt have any money versus He dont have no money. The only writers who consciously follow these rules are those striving to join the educated class. Schooled writers observe these rules as naturally as they observe the real rules and think about them only when they notice others violating them.Finally, some grammarians have invented rules they think we all should observe. Most date from the last half of the eighteenth century: Dont split infinitives, as in to quietly leave.Dont use than after different, as in This is different than that. Use from.Dont use hopefully for I hope, as in Hopefully, it wont rain.Dont use which for that, as in a car which I sold. Freshman Composition and Correctness Composition courses provided a means to teach larger numbers of students at once, assessing their success by measuring their adherence to prescribed standards. . . . [M]any schools [in the late 19th century] began instituting Freshman Composition classes that focused more on correctness than invention. For example, Harvards course English A, initiated in the 1870s, focused less on traditional aspects of rhetoric and more on correctness and formulaic responses. The concept of discipline had changed from moral and religious discipline, codes of conduct and virtue, to mental discipline, means of working with repetitive drills and exercises.(Suzanne Bordelon, Elizabethada A. Wright, and S. Michael Halloran, From Rhetoric to Rhetorics: An Interim Report on the History of American Writing Instruction to 1900. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Contemporary America, 3rd ed., edited by James J. Murphy. Routledge, 2012)

Interpersonal Communication and Movies Research Paper

Interpersonal Communication and Movies - Research Paper Example In some interpersonal dealings, communication may develop complications due to a host of factors such as in the movie â€Å"A Few Good Men†. This paper shall attempt to dissect the elements of verbal communication especially in taking orders from a superior, the value of truth and honesty and gender differences in military work depicted in the movie. Lefebvre (2008) advises that when speaking, one must also be aware of body language and tone and inflection of voice. She notes that different ideas may be conveyed by simply emphasizing different parts of the statement. Being an active listener helps one understand the message being relayed to him. As the listener, one should hold his response until the speaker is done, and keenly observe nonverbal cues expressed. It must always be remembered that communication is a give and take process. One must learn to wait his turn to be the speaker and the listener (Lefebvre, 2008). This is especially important in courtrooms where cases are tried in order to find the truth, and if ever there is a crime proven, that the perpetrator should be punished and the victim be served the justice they deserve. This has been manifested in the movie â€Å"A Few Good Men† which showed several courtroom scenes in analyzing an alleged misdemeanor by two marines that eventually killed another marine within the confines of the marine base. The court scenes were played very well, giving each party a chance to express him or herself while on trial. However, there are times when both speaker and listener talk at the same time, trying to prove their point and talk over each other. Richmond & McCroskey (2005) contend that interpersonal communication in organizations can either go horizontally, or across co-workers who are considered equals in terms of position in the organization, and vertically, indicating a hierarchy in position that either goes upward towards higher management or downward, towards rank and file. Downward communica tion from management to the employees usually involves job instruction, rationale, ideology, information and feedback. This is most common in the military, where messages are often given as orders from someone from a higher position and is expected to be followed. In the movie, the two marines who allegedly killed a colleague were presumed to be doing so under orders from their superiors. Job instruction includes directions mandated by management such as direct orders, written memos, workshops on how to do the job, and so on. An example is how a marine should behave when there is an officer approaching. Rationale is the rationalization or explanation of a duty or assignment and how it is compatible with what the personnel are already doing. An example of this is explaining why one is posted in an area during his shift. Ideology is the philosophy of the organization that managers expect their employees to share. If they do believe in the same views, then communication would flow much easier within the organization. An example is that in the military, obeying orders from superiors is a must. Information is concerned with acquainting people with general knowledge that they need to know, such as regulations, changes in benefits, and general policies. Feedback is the superior's way of giving his subordinates information about how they are doing. This is usually expressed as praise, recognition,

Assimilation of US Snipers back to the Society Research Paper

Assimilation of US Snipers back to the Society - Research Paper Example As the paper stresses it is important to undertake critical analysis of the psychological realignment that these people undergo when they are in this work and the complications associated with their transition from service back to the society. The nature of any job creates a new person in somebody and the military snipers are not exceptional. It therefore tend to take some process and time to get them assimilated back to the society after they retire or get their jobs terminated under some condition. Due to the type of the training they go through, their mentality gets altered towards some code of conduct and this significantly affects their interpersonal skills. Appropriate approaches of rehabilitating this special group of people who has served the nation to conform to the ordinary society system need to be investigated. This report declares that it is important to explore the personal attributes of a sniper which are partly acquired through training and partly by birth. One of the conditions to be a sniper is having worked as a government security agent or a military officer with in-depth prior knowledge of handling different types of guns and rifles. The concept of knowing the various concepts about the arms is not limited to use but should cover even the ability to understand their structural components. The training of a sniper is costly and requires perseverance of the highest degree with maximum self-discipline. This explains why a single sniper is worth more that several untrained rifle users. These people go through a series of thorough physical and mental training that steadily realign their perception about various issues within the confines of social order (Austin, 1992). Due to their critical role in the military operations, snipers are people with high intelligence that goes beyond shoot ing .They also have internal psychological understanding of any social environment and that is the reason they are able to camouflage and single out the target from a crowd without interfering with non-target (Perline & Goldschmidt, 2004). Their ability to take any angle and take into consideration the physical factors like wind and other environmental impediments that

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Ander

The Sabotaged Friendship of Authors Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Anderson Ernest Hemingway, an intrinsically gifted author in his own right, owes much of his early success to the mentor he befriended and eventually estranged, Sherwood Anderson. Hemingway’s renowned knack for sabotaging personal relationships throughout his life started early with Anderson. The two writers met in a suburb of Chicago named Oak Park while Hemingway worked as an editor for the Cooperative Commonwealth in 1919. Anderson would go on to help Ernest publish his first successful work (inspired by Sherwood’s own writing), In Our Time, but the friendship would come to an abrupt end in 1926 courtesy of Hemingway’s satirical jab at his former mentor in The Torrents of Spring. Sherwood Anderson was a relatively well-established author when he met Ernest Hemingway. Before they encountered one another, Hemingway had already read Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio. Ernest â€Å"was a great admirer of [Anderson’s] work, particularly those tales which had sporting scenes for their backgrounds† (Schevill 153). Whenever the two were around each other, Hemingway was always â€Å"quiet and attentive† (Fenton 104), though Ernest’s friend, Kate Smith recalled: â€Å"It probably means a storm’s brewing† (Fenton 104). Hemingway would internalize all that he learned from his time spent with Anderson in Chicago. The two shared a similar interest in â€Å"sex as a basic human drive,...the examination of youth and its distresses,†¦[and] the importance of emotion and feeling† (Fenton 148). Anderson himself denied ever influencing Hemingway’s work â€Å"as a whole† (Fenton 105). Anderson me rely recognized the talent that Hemingway possessed. Motivated by his appreciation... ...rite to him that he meant the book as a joke, though Sherwood failed to recognize the humor in it. Anderson interpreted the book as a personal insult. The relationship between the two authors was never the same. Later in 1926, the two met in Paris over drinks, but Anderson noted that Hemingway had become â€Å"too self-centered, too concerned with his own career to the exclusion of personal relationships† (Schevill 238). The rift created by the Torrents of Spring would never be mended. Over the years, Anderson remained an avid fan of Hemingway’s work, but their friendship dwindled out of existence. Sherwood Anderson inspired multitudes of young writers: Faulkner, Joyce, Hemingway, Stein, to name a few, with his simple narrative tone and colloquial settings. Anderson served as the perfect mentor in cultivating the talented minds of some of America’s finest writers.

Ducati Essay

Patrick EnglandDucati individual write up #3 Management 495 2/7/2012 Can Ducati sustain its position in the sport segment? Can Honda and other Japanese manufactures stop its growth in this segment? The ability for Ducati to sustain its position in the sport segment of motorcycles is going to depend on management’s ability to stay focused on keeping their image and story alive and in the minds of the motorcycle community. If management continues its current trend I believe that they can sustain their position, although there are challenges posed by the Japanese firms and changes in Ducati itself can also play a role in their ability to maintain their growth and position as the high end advanced sport bikes. Ducati’s decision to move from a mechanical company to an entertainment company could be the source of its success or its failure. The company to this point in 2001 had become known for their exotic engineering and design, focusing on beating the completion by any means, even if it involved producing a bike that many might call ugly or not the traditional motorcycle, so Ducati was running the risk of turning away the very customers and removing the image that had built them to the company they had become. But the decision made by Minoli, to become more of an entertainment company and to produce products that could be attractable by a wider variety of customers could also spur growth and market share that the company desperately wanted and needed if it was going to continue to compete with the Japanese bikes. I believe that if the management at Ducati can continue to make this â€Å"turnaround† hold and follow through with the goals laid out in it, then yes they can sustain their position, although any deviation or getting lack in the respects of implementing these long term goals will in my opinion hurt them greatly, for it is the image and the brand that Ducati represents that makes their products wanted. If they try too hard to copy the functions and company structure of competitors they very well may be destroying their core competitive advantage of image and product uniqueness. Japanese manufactures have been pushing hard in the sport market and have the capital and business structure to make a full fledge effort to take market share in the sport division. Honda and others have the ability to mimic the aspects of Ducati that have made them so revered by customers (mainly new technology and exotic styling) while still maintain their reliability and cost advantage. They will still continue to struggle with the â€Å"cookie cutter† image that has plagued them throughout their history, and I believe that if they can try to separate products in their sport division and create the image of uniqueness and exoticness that people associate with Ducati, then they definitely can pose a serious threat.

Oganesson Facts Element 118 or Og

Oganesson is element number 118 on the periodic table. It is a radioactive synthetic transactinide element, officially recognized in 2016. Since 2005, only 4 atoms of oganesson have been produced, so there is much to learn about this new element. Predictions based on its electron configuration indicate it may be much more reactive than other elements in the noble gas group. Unlike the other noble gases, element 118 is expected to be electropositive and form compounds with other atoms. Properties of Oganesson Element Name: Oganesson [formely ununoctium  or eka-radon] Symbol: Og Atomic Number: 118 Atomic Weight: [294] Phase: probably a gas Element Classification:  The phase of element 118 is unknown. While its possibly a semiconducting noble  gas, most  scientists predict the element will be a liquid or solid at room temperature. If the element is a gas, it would be the densest gaseous element, even if it is monatomic like the other gases in the group. Oganesson is expected to be more reactive than radon. Element Group: group 18, p block (only synthetic element in group 18) Name Origin: The name oganesson honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, a key player in the discovery of the heavy new elements of the periodic table. The -on ending of the element name is in keeping with the elements position in the noble gas period. Discovery: October 9, 2006, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, announced they had indirectly detected a ununoctium-294 from collisions of californium-249 atoms and calcium-48 ions. The initial experiments that produced element 118 took place in 2002. Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 (based on radon) Density:  4.9–5.1  g/cm3  (predicted as a liquid at its melting point) Toxicity: Element 118 has no known nor expected biological role in any organism. Its expected to be toxic due to its radioactivity.

The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Maybe Enkidu is purposely avoiding this discussion as to not excite Gilgamesh since he is already so fearless. Enkidu tries to convince that man is a weak and feeble creature through various exhibitions, like: â€Å"But how can any man dare to enter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Hasn’t he put Humbaba there to terrify men? † (Mitchell, 93). This shows how Enkidu is uncertain of the strength and qualities of man and, like his gods, undermines and questions man’s abilities. Enkidu tries to explain how any man who faces the Humbaba will be overwhelmed by fear, which helps to highlight the fact that Enkidu considers mankind to be frail and coward (Mitchell, 93). Even though it is only mankind that Enkidu is skeptical about, he tries to convince Gilgamesh to forgo the quest in the following words: â€Å"Who among men or gods could defeat him? † (Mitchell, 93). This shows that Enkidu is extremely desperate about not going on the quest as he is sure of the overpowering qualities of the Humbaba. Enkidu seems to consider humans as inferior and helpless beings against the gods an d their will. We will write a custom essay sample on The epic of gilgamesh by stephen mitchell or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The way he tries to convince Gilgamesh to not go on the quest as the creature arranged by gods will overpower them and they will fail is a clear indication of the lack of faith he has in himself and his accomplice. There seems to contradictions in Enkidus description of the Humbaba when he says that the Humbaba has been put in the jungle to terrify men. He never at any point during the description of the beast mention that it will kill anyone but he very discretely emphasizes that it is so terrifying that its rivals are seized with fear when they confront it. Enkidu mentions that the Humbaba’s rivals will lose because fear will be their main hindrance. He is constantly ignoring how Gilgamesh is a gallant character and is not afraid of death or facing gods for what is right. Enkidu is ignoring the fact that it might be Gilgamesh’s bravery that might allow them to overpower and kill the Humbaba. Enkidu is constantly contradicting his statements. At one point in the conversation he says the beast is terrifying and no man stands a chance against him, but he doesn’t mention that Humbaba has killed anyone. Then Enkidu contradicts his statements when he says that Gilgamesh is no challenge to the creature. This means that Enkidu is saying that the beast will be able to overwhelm and kill Gilgamesh. It is clear that Enkidu has no solid stance to stop the brave and enthusiastic Gilgamesh from battling the creature. Enkidu does seem to prove his point as he again and again reminds that the Humbaba is the god, Enlil, so fighting him would mean clear opposition of the god.

Taking a Look at Myelodysplasia Syndrome - 1160 Words

Myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS), is a type of disease that is associated with abnormal cells in the blood and bone marrow. Patients with the disease commonly have immature stem cells which result in unhealthy progenies such as platelets, red and white blood cells. There are different types of MDS, which are analyzed by certain changes in the blood or bone marrow. MDS can be more commonly found in Men in their 60’s seeing how the chances of myelodysplasia syndrome increases with age. Genetics also play a role in the occurrence of MDS. It can be passed down from parents to offspring that have certain mutated genes. People with Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Shwachman-Diamond, and Kostmann syndrome have an increased chance of developing this disease [1]. Previous patients who have been treated with cancer that have gone through radiation and chemotherapy have increased the risk of developing MDS. MDS is a type of bone marrow disorder that may develop into acute leukemia. This has been linked to past radiation exposure. The amount and dosage of radiation that may reach to bone marrows may increase their chance of developing MDS. Environmental risk factors that increase the risk of contracting MDS, include high doses of radiation from long-term exposure to benzene, alkylating agents and ionizing radiation. Exposure to metals and chemicals such as lead, mercury, tobacco smoke, pesticide, fertilizers and solvents also increases this risk. Lifestyle choices can be a

Haiti Development Free Essays

Why is Haiti underdeveloped? (15) Haiti is a Caribbean country located on the island of Hispaniola. It is the poorest country in the western hemisphere with its GDP at just $1, 200. The country has suffered through political violence throughout its history and was struck by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti: Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 in 2010. These two major events during Haiti’s history left the country in ruins and since Haiti has not seemed to recover. Throughout the course of this essay I will go into further detail as to why Haiti is extremely underdeveloped. Haiti has a very low life expectancy at 62 years in comparison to the UK which is 80 years. This shows that between these two countries there are major differences between factors that influence life expectancy. In comparison to the UK, in Haiti poorer medical care is received by the population and this also shows how bad the standard of living is in Haiti. In Haiti, the total fertility rate is 3. 07 babied per woman whereas in the UK its 1. 91. This shows that in Haiti the emancipation of women is lower which means the country cannot develop. Another major social fact is that 52. 9% of Haiti’s population is literate. Half the population are unable to read or write and this means that they cannot get good jobs or look after their families better and move them out of poverty because they lack a huge skill. These social factors stop Haiti from developing. Haiti has suffered mass political instability over the years. The brutal dictatorships of the physician Francois and his son left tens of thousands of people killed during their 29-year rule. Since then the US intervened and forced Haiti to return to a constitutional government in 1994. However there were allegations of electoral irregularities, ongoing extra-judicial killings, torture and brutality. A bloody rebellion plus pressure from US and France forced the President Mr. Aristicide out of the country. In the present day Haiti is still plagued by violent confrontations between rival gangs and political groups. The UN has described the human rights situation as â€Å"catastrophic†. This political instability over the years is a massive obstacle to Haiti developing. However the biggest factor as to why Haiti is so underdeveloped is the environmental factors. Haiti lies in a region prone to earthquakes and because of its tropical climate it suffers many tropical storms. This leaves areas with severe deforestation and vulnerable to flooding. Haiti is not equipped to deal with these natural disasters. In January 2010 Haiti was struck by an earthquake, 7. 0 on the Richter scale, this was the country’s worst earthquake in over 200 years. Tens of thousands of people were killed and this led to mass international aid being received by Haiti. A year later and Haiti is still struggling to recover from this earthquake. This shows exactly how underdeveloped Haiti is because they are constantly being hit with natural disasters but they are ill-equipped at dealing with them. This is a huge obstacle to development because it means that money cannot be spent on things that make a country more developed such as education or business. Also, following the earthquake, the economy is still recovering. The damage to Port-au-Prince caused the country’s GDP to decrease by an estimated 8%. Haiti was ranked 145 of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations human development index with 57. 3% of the population being deprived of at least 3 of the HDI poverty measures. Most Haitians live on less than $2 a day. This fact is crucial as to why Haiti is underdeveloped. This shows that as Haitians don’t have that much money they cannot afford for their children to go to school so more and more children are being born into poverty. Therefore these children can never leave poverty so the country cannot develop as the majority of the population is in poverty. In conclusion, Haiti is underdeveloped because of many social, political, economic and environmental reasons. However I think the most important factor as to why Haiti is so underdeveloped in the environmental factors. Haiti must spend money on taking care of natural disasters instead of factors that help a country to develop. So in my opinion the fact that Haiti receives a lot of natural disasters is stopping them from developing. How to cite Haiti: Development, Papers

Seneca Iroquois White Springs free essay sample

The sizes of these sites can sometimes be as large as settlements covering acres Of land. However archaeologists have now been using a surveying method that employs the use of multi-instrument geophysical scanning. Using this the archaeologist can help maintain budget and time constraints that may have been restricting progress. The Seneca settlement at (1688-1715 CE) the White Springs Site located in Geneva, NY is a site that covers a settlement size estimate of 1. 2-2. 75 ha. This paper reports on approximately five hectares of high-resolution, multi-instrument archaeologically surveys. This information allowed the archaeologist to study the layered, temporal intents of these maps; which allowed for visual survey without accessing the site physically. Using documents, excavation, and archaeologists to understand a historic Iroquois site.Limited excavation required non- invasive survey methods. Five hectares of ground-penetrating radar and magnetometer survey exposed Seneca-era features. The settlement was likely palisades and tightly packed, related to military pressure of the time. (Gerald- Little et al. July 201 2) One of the significant questions at White Springs relates to settlement layout and the possibility of a defensive palisade.Consideration of the social and cultural context in which White Springs was constructed contributes to better understanding of the choices that Seneca may have made in the process of constructing the town, as well as providing guidelines for archaeologically interpretation. (Alexander, 1998 p. 485) Between 1688 and 1715 the White Springs was the main community for the eastern Seneca Iroquois. This settlement is thought to have been established to reinforce the survival of the Seneca after a period of warfare with the French in 1687.Careful examination of the archaeological database and documentary sources have suggested that after he Danville invasion multiple Seneca communities consisting of two principal towns (Cannonading and Rochester Junction), at least two local satellite villages (including the Bell and Kirkwood sites), and three Seneca communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario (the Questioning, Attestation, and Continuation sites) united together into two large towns at the White Springs and Snyder-McClure sites (Jordan, 2010, up. 98-100; Conrad, 1981; Pollution, 1991; Wary, 1983).White Springs was formed to gather a larger number of people so that a greater defensive support system could be established. With this in mind it can be predicted that a defensive palisade would have built at the site. Historical and comparative research suggests the range of shap es that might have been used. Both Polygonal and ovoid palisades are seen at Iroquois sites before the extensive interaction with colonists. Oval shaped palisade seem to be the primary forms from 1000-CHOICE and the Polygonal palisades 1560-CEASE(Wary et al. , 1987).Both forms were used throughout the Iroquois people. Several excavations have been able to determine that palisades were constructed by twisting pointed posts into the subsoil (Ritchie and Funk, 1973, p. 03) and large posts were not buried immediately next to each other but interwoven with smaller branches (Hedonistic, 1971; Keener, 1 999; Ritchie and Funk, Although the Iroquois used platforms and towers that were built 1973). Into palisades (Keener, 1 999, p. 783), this type of design has not be found at any pre 1650 sites, suggesting that the design Was adopted from the Europeans. There are no known examples of European-style palisades from excavated or mapped Seneca sites constructed prior to White Springs, but there are at Huron, Onondaga, and Susquehanna sites (Gerard-little, 201 1, up. 55-60). The survey methodology at White Springs was built around 20 by 20 m squares, arranged on a grid system at 45 degree angle to the excavation grid. This alignment was based on the assumption that the Seneca-era features are along or are perpendicular to the sites dominant topographic lines that run roughly north south.The system oriented at an angle to this ensures that linear features such as palisade remnants are crossed by transects multiple times, and thus provides more robust evidence for the existence Of subsurface feature. Multiple instruments are also beneficial because they provide overlapping lines of evidence that can reveal ore about the character of the feature (Clay, 2001 ; Savage and Lealer, The White Springs survey was approximately 5 hector making this 2007). The largest survey of this resolution in the Northeast. GPO and magnetometer measure different physical and chemical properties that are significant in relation to data collection and interpretation (Gerald-Little et al. July 2012). GPO uses an antenna to project electromagnetic pulses into the ground at targeted frequencies; the travel time of the signal is affected by the dielectric permittivity of the underlying ground, allowing materials with divergent heartsickness to be distinguished from one another (Concern and Goodman, At the simplest level magnetometers measure the magnitude of 1997). The earths localized magnetic field in a survey area (Gerald-Little et al. July 2012).Solar activity, geology, iron content Of soils, can influence the Earths near surface local magnetic field. Anthropogenic factors influencing the magnetic signal of an area include burning, fired materials, presence of ferrous metal, and difference in the distribution of soil characteristics potentially created by activities involving fire and agricultural modific ation of oils (Spinal et al. , 2008; Scholar et al. , 1990). The results from this survey concluded that on the eastern side of the ridge, partway down the slope, a one hundred meter long north south feature appears in both the magnetometer and GPO data from 2009 (Rogers et al. 2006). Just inside the proposed eastern palisade wall, features forming two potential longhouses were recorded. These are visible in the magnetometer data and separated by less than five meters. They extend out of the survey area, so their full length is unknown. Because the only irreconcilabilitys visible attention longhouses inside the palisade are partial, there are limitations on the comparative data with other parts of the survey area. This information however, provides an understanding of the SÃ ©ances response to these turbulent times (Gerald-Little et al. July 2012).While the exact population of White Springs may be unknown, this speaks to the circumstances that lead to the construction of White Springs. Seneca balanced expediency of settlement construction with the safety of inhabitants. This broader understanding was made possible by the introduction of archaeologists to the project. The Lessons that were earned at White Springs included the use of: magnetometer and GPO, integration of excavation-based archaeological knowledge, historical documentation. Future work will profit from the gains made here with archaeologists.This source examines the correlations between the Europeans and the Africans slaves in America. There are references to first contact with the Native Americans. How these relationships failed and prospered how each side gained knowledge in structure of palisades, military maneuvers, and living in times of conflict. This allows to see the social structure and wartime architecture at the time of first contact. Spinal, C. Gaffing, A. Schmidt Magnetometer for Archaeologists, Geophysical Methods for Archaeology; Altair Press, Lankan (2008) This source covers the most widely used method for archaeological surveying.The history of magnetometers from their inception through todays state-of- the-art detectors, explain the physics behind the different types of sensors, and describe the most fruitful ways in which the technology can be employed. They also consider the theoretical and practical uses of magnetometer from for many archaeological periods and regions. The potential for and the problems associated with the use, display, and interpretation of buried emails. R. B. Clay Complementary geophysical tech unique: why two ways are always Better than one. Southeastern Archaeology, 20 (2001), up. 31-43 This source is demonstrated with a discussion of parallel uses of magnetometer and earth conductivity at historical and prehistoric sites in the south and Monmouth. Use of several technologies should be a goal, not reliance on one. Continued development of available technologies is somewhat reducing data collection costs, but the value of complementary data sets should still be the guiding principal in research design whenever possible. L. B. Concern, D. GoodmanGround-penetrating Radar: Introduction for Archaeologists Altair Press, Walnut Creek, CA (1997) This source provides one of the most promising methods of non-invasive archaeological exploration. Traditional archaeological excavation methods are sometimes daunting due to political or financial complications. Other times, an improperly planned dig can destroy or entirely overlook the artifacts being sought. In either case, ground-penetrating radar, or GPO, is an increasingly applicable technology, but one that few archaeologists truly understand.

Philosophy in Action William James Pragmatism Analysis free essay sample

The philosopher to propose this approach is William James. William James is most known for his book Pragmatism: A New Name for Same Old Ways of Thinking which just happens to be the first philosophical movement originated in the United States. This book is combination of a series of lectures given by James at various universities; James main focus in his lectures is the concept of Pragmatism which James refers to as a collaborated effort and credits Charles Sanders Price for the origin of the term Pragmatism and its leading principle: The Pragmatic Maxim.Pragmatism is a complex notion, it is something you practice. Another way to view it would be to refer to it as a method, more conclusively as The Pragmatic Method. The pragmatic method is primarily a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable. Is the world one or many? fated or free? material or spiritual? The pragmatic method in such cases is to try to interpret each notion by tracing its respective practical consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy in Action: William James Pragmatism Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page James believes professional philosophy is caught in the deadlock of two opposing viewpoints which are rationalism and empiricism.And in order to display his points he describes two manifestations of opposing psychological types which are the tender mind and the tough mind. The tender mind individual is to be spiritual, religious and optimistic and the tough mind is scientific, skeptical and materialistic. If these two completely different individuals can apply rationalism and empiricism and attain a whole new perspective then James Pragmatic way can be accounted as credible. These act as building blocks to comprehend James Pragmatic Method.In order for a hilltops to function correctly, the scientific loyalty to facts and willingness, spirit Of adaptation and accommodation, religion and traditional views must all be accounted for. Although originated from the same concept, James Pragmatic Method is very distinguished from Pierces Pragmatic Maxim. Price claims pragmatism exposes the meaninglessness of most metaphysical disputes whereas James insists that pragmatism is a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable.Price actually delimits pragmatisms scope in attempt to completely disorient metaphysics as a whole but James introduces his version of pragmatism as a philosophy and a way to handle metaphysics than to avoid it. James prefers to locate the meaning of an idea within its practical consequences for behavior when Price limits the practical consequences of an idea to those functional proposals which it predicates of its object. But James designs his pragmatism to involve the given ideas pragmatic meaning its implications for the entirety of the believing subjects experience. One way to truly interpret James from Price is through James discussion of materialism and spiritualism. On a traditional perspective, materialism pertains to the idea that the only things that exist are matter and the laws that govern it. Keeping in mind that some sort of matter will always remain dominant in terms of existence, the laws of physical nature imply that the world as We know it will eventually dissolve away and materialists do accept this but still deny the ideas of spiritual entities, immortality and eternity.And so on the alternative hand, spiritualism claims that there has to be something more to the universe than just blind matter- something larger than life itself. Spiritualists claim there is in addition, another kind of substance referred to as spirit; the spirit was, is and will always remain eternal where as matter as the materialists claim will eventually dissolve. Therefore eternal things are superior to finite entities (as in our surroundings), thus spirit i s superior to matter.Although these arguments seem to leave me in awe, must not forget these are at the end of the day, claims. And claims cannot me analyzed into sensed experience because the evidence to back such claims is inconclusive. This is where the ragtime method kicks in and we can apply it by tracing the claims respective practical consequences. Now lets analyze this in a way James would have: if we were to imagine ourselves living at the very last moments of the universes existence, the dispute between materialism and spiritualism is idle.That is, if there literally were no future in which pragmatic differences in behavior and attitude could manifest, the two theories, in spite of their different-sounding names, mean exactly the same thing. James makes yet another point from this dispute, he says There can be no difference NNW. here that doesnt make a difference elsewhere.. . , insisting that every genuine metaphysical debate some practical issue, however conjectural and remote is always involved. Where no practical issue can be identified, debate is purely verbal. It again is a metaphysical dispute because observational evidence is insufficient to determine the question either way. The pragmatic conception of truth functions differently, it instead settles disputes based on observational evidence; James follows pragmatism is not only a method of dealing with metaphysics it is also a type of theory of truth. Take for example The Holocaust: is it true that it took place and that Hitler was able to murder six million Jews? Yes it is because there is evidence, witnesses and survivors to support it but of course this is simply common sense.A decidedly philosophical issue does emerge however with another example which is: if a tree fell in a forest where no one was there to witness it, did it really fall? The answer would be no because there is no evidence t o back it up. The theory of truth may also be applied to distinguishing a concept from a belief. A concept is something that is directly conceived, it is a general notion or an idea. A belief is confidence in the truth of existence of something not immediately susceptible to rigorous proof.James insists that a belief is actually essentially a proposal for action, and on a more concrete perspective it indeed is. A concept would be In order to survive one must consume food and water and sleep, this would be a concept because it will not change. Evidently, if one were to deprive himself of sleep and starve himself, he will eventually be deceased. Now a belief would be, Abortion is wrong and the world needs to be profile, this is a belief because there is no evidence to back it up. One will argue by bringing up the dilemma of rape, or teenage pregnancy In which cases abortion seems to be a logical option. But then again another will argue murder; it is murder because abortion kills potential life. One does not need much training in philosophy to comprehend and integrate James pragmatic views into their everyday life. Truth consists in simply the usefulness, expediency or profitableness of a proposition and this is often how we use he term pragmatic in our everyday language.James pragmatic views are not perfect and have definitely received their share of harsh criticism, but then again philosophy is a field where criticism will remain dominant. The objections made to James are rather ignorant; his views are to a certain extent more sophisticated than they may first appear and critics Often underestimated the subtleties of James position. Now that I am familiar with James pragmatic method and conception of truth, definitely will think twice about how to handle ce rtain predicaments.

Institutional Environment and Growth in Brazil Essay Example

Institutional Environment and Growth in Brazil Essay Example Institutional Environment and Growth in Brazil Paper Institutional Environment and Growth in Brazil Paper Accelerating the development of economic growth in a sustained way is therefore one of the most Important Issues In economics, Economists have long used a variety f approaches to shed light on why some countries experience faster growth than others. In the vast amount of literature on the subject there are three schools that stand out In particular. First, there Is a group of scholars that places geographical factors such as climate, transport cost and natural resources as the main explanatory factors. Recent writings by Jarred Diamond and Jeffery Sacks are important contributions In this paradigm (Diamond, 1997; Sacks, 2001 Second, there Is a faction that emphasizes international trade as a key to economic growth. Important intrusions to this market-integration view have been presented in the works of Franken Roomer (1999) and Dollar Kraal (2004). Finally, there Is a third group focusing on the explanatory power that institutions veil in this matter. This paper will follow in this tradition, as there seems to bee an increasingly pervasive concurrence among economists studying the phenomena that the development and quality of the institutional environment holds the key to prevailing patterns of sustained growth and prosperity around the world. Rich countries are those with sustained rule of law ND property rights, effective policies towards private enterprises and competition, the political system is stabile and effective, companies enjoys easy access to financing and superior tax regimes and there is a well functioning infrastructural system. Poor countries are those where the arrangements are nonexistent or ill formed. This approach suggests a somewhat casual relationship between institutional development and economic growth. This Implies that a poor country, which Is able to revise the rules of the game in the direction of better institutional environment, is keel to experience a lasting economic growth. The causality of this relationship has never Eden quotations (Oral, 2004; Houseman et al, 20050). In tens article we want to investigate the relationship between institutional development and economic growth further in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship. Is this really the end of all policy development and a manifestation of an institutions rule approach to economic development? Long run trends in the global economy suggest that emerging markets are the new drivers for global economic growth. Emerging markets can be defined as countries tit lower level of development than ELI, North America and Japan and high growth in recent years (Mining, 2007). This makes emerging markets countries useable as laboratories for trend research related to economic growth. Brazil, as a part of the BRICE countries, has for a long time been defined as an emerging market country. In spite of quite impressive reforms (Houseman et al, Bibb) the country has failed to show similar growth rates as China and India (DB, 2008). In this paper we therefore want to investigate how the economic growth in Brazil is related to the development in the institutional environment. Could the development and quality of the institutional environment in Brazil hold the key to understanding how to increase growth in the country? These notions has led to our research question, which is: How does the institutional environment affect the economic growth in Brazil? The deductive model In order to answer our research question we will apply the traditional deductive method of conducting research. First, we consider at a theoretical level the relationship between institutions and economic growth. Second, we build hypotheses on the basis of our theoretical framework. Third, we apply it to data. Finally, we deduct from the study. Our approach emphasizes quantitative data and is highly formalized. In this paper we will use the deductive model as proposed by Cesarean (1992). The model has 8 steps as illustrated below and largely corresponds to the structure of the paper. The steps are shown I a linear fashion, but in the reality the process is more dynamic. Literature review The concept of institutions and its influence on economic growth can be traced back to the functionalist perspective, which draws upon the ideas of August Comet (1852), Herbert Spencer (1851) and ?mile Druthers (1893). The functionalist approach is centered upon the argument that, if society is to exist, its members must make provision for certain functional requirements. Institutions are the principal structures where these critical tasks for social living are organized, directed and executed (Hughes et al. 2002). Institutions have been studied from several viewpoints and disciplines ranging from sociology, organizational psychology, to new institutional economics originating from the learning of transaction cost economics. In this paper we will follow the new institutional economic approach. I en transaction cost blew on organizations can De lave Into two groups. Horst, motivation cost, which deals particularly with costs of opportunistic behavior and agency cost (Williamson, 1975, Jensen and Neckline, 1976) Second, coordination cost, which deals with costs of information, costs of coordination and costs of measurement (Stiller, 1961, Lucian and Demesne, 1972). With a well-working interface transfers occur smoothly, but sometimes the transaction encounters friction due to conflicts between the parties involved. This friction can lead to delays, breakdowns and other malfunctions and is in economics termed transaction cost. The new institutional economic approach argues that all human interaction is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty (North, 1990). Institutions are therefore a way of reducing uncertainty and thereby transaction costs of trade. Furthermore, institutions are, as an extension of motivation cost theory, created by people with different bargaining power and not for the sake of efficiency, which makes some more efficient than others. Inefficient institutions can result in stagnant economies due to path dependency, which can lead to the lack of acknowledgement of property rights by states. Such environments can lead increased transaction cost and diminish the incentives to invest in socially profitable businesses. North therefore argue that the key to economic growth is efficient property rights, which moreover depends on political efficiency. In Institutions (1991) North, focuses further upon three elements of transaction cost: measurement cost, level of globalization and the amount of bargaining at the margin. It appears, however, that North have found a simplification and new applicability for these theories on state owned institutions and its relation to economic growth. Even Hough no clear-cut distinction exists between institutions and organizations, we have chosen to adapt Norths (1991) definition of institutions as the rules of the game and organizations as the different players. Further we adapt a sociological view on actions in markets, which conceptualizes Flintiness institutional framework related to the relationship between state and firms in the development of an economy. His main findings relate to how politics in markets work during various stages of market development-formation, stability and transformation (Fleeting 1996:656). As result we move away from the traditional institutional sociology of the early social scientists such as Clinics (1946) and later, DiMaggio and Powell (1991), and Scott (1995), and moves toward economic institutionalism. The main point however, is that we adapt an understanding of how modern states must create an institutional framework for a well functioning business system, and as such institutions are necessary as preconditions for economic growth. Theoretical framework and generation of hypothesis Inspired by North and Flintiness definitions of institutions, we assume that companies cannot operate in a Brazil without collective sets of rules and governing Interaction. In order to conclave economic gar town Brazil must odometer create an institutional framework, which supports the economic actors. Further the institutions in Brazil must structure political, economic and social interaction and set up norms. Our central hypothesis is therefore that the stage of development of the institutional environment in Brazil is crucial in order to develop sustainable economic growth, by reducing transaction cost of doing business and thus establish incentives faced by economic actors. Hypothesis 1. The level of economic growth in Brazil is dependent on the stage of placement in the institutional environment. There is strong empirical support for the proposition that institution matter (Franken Roomer, 1999; Guacamole et al, 2001). One example of this is presented in the paper Institutions rule (Radio et al. 2004) which explores the relationship between integration, institutions and geography with income. The findings show that the quality of institutions is more important than any others factors related to income levels. There is however little agreement on their relative importance and the causality of the link when it comes to increase economic growth. In the voluminous iterate on this subject, there are several failed attempts to discover unique institutional designs with encountering effective institutional outcomes. (Houseman et al. AAA), Since there are strong arguments favoring that there is no unique mapping from function to form It is futile to look for encountering empirical regularities that link specific legal rules to economic outcomes. What works will depend on local constraints and opportunities. (Radio, 2004:9) The aim of this paper is therefore to come up with contingent correlations or institutional prescription that are limited to the prevailing characteristics of Brazil. We thus try to extend the previous literature by exploring the development of the different elements of the institutional environment in order to discover which institutions that have been crucial for the economic growth in the case of Brazil. In order to investigate the relative importance of the different institution in Brazil it is necessary t o define more precisely what the institutional environment consists of. Traditionally the institutional environment in a country is made up of and measured by the ability to make investors feel secure about their property rights, the rule of away prevails, private incentives are aligned with social objectives, monetary and fiscal policies are grounded in solid macroeconomic institutions, idiosyncratic risks are appropriately mediated through social insurance, and citizens have recourse to civil liberties and political representation (Radio, 2004) To separate and distinguish between the institutional factors we adapt the institutional framework presented in John Dunning Institutional reform, foreign direct investment, and European transition economies (Dunning, 2005) and Foreign Investment location and institutional development in transition economies (Bean et. Al, 2006). These papers have developed an institutional framework consisting of three generic groups of variables namely: policy framework, economic determinants and business facilitation. The thre e groups should be viewed as institutional spheres containing Institutionally related determinants, wanly all alms at recalling transaction cost In Brazil and thus establish incentives faced by economic actors. First, the policy framework addresses institutionally related determinants that are under directly control of the government in Brazil. This is arguably the most important institutional sphere as it covers central aspects of institutions such as the rule of law and enhancement of property rights (North, 1991). It consists of institutions that provide economic and political stability, international agreements on FDA and taxes (Dunning, 2005), monetary and fiscal polices (Radio, 2004) and rules regarding competition (Fleeting, 1996). There are strong theoretical and empirical evidence connecting these institutions with transaction cost, thus we hypothesis that a positive development in the policy framework will result in a positive development in the economic growth in Brazil. Hypothesis AAA The level of economic growth in Brazil is dependent on the stage of development in the policy framework Second, the economic determinants cover institutions related to market opportunities, resource endowment and the availability and cost of labor (Dunning, 2005). It can be argued that these determinants depend on the underlying incentive structure and enforcement procedures, but if the institutional system in Brazil fails to provide the economic actors with qualified labor and necessary resources transaction cost will go up. Another aspect which gives support for this argument is hat a well developed infrastructure eases the means of communication and therefore eliminates and lowers, spatial transaction cost (Dunning, 2005). Thus, we propose that an increasing quality in the economic determinants of Brazil will result in a positive development in economic growth Hypothesis b The level of economic growth in Brazil is dependent on the stage of development in the economic determinants Third, there are strong arguments in favor of the notion that business-facilitating institutions such as the bank systems and other finance institutions also play an important role for the economic growth in Brazil. This because progress in establishing financial infrastructure and capital markets reduces transaction costs for Brazilian financial services, such as the payment system. (Bean et al, 2006) In addition customers have easier access to bank credit, which again can increase the demand for consumer goods that often are bought on credit (Bean et al, 2006). Moreover, it facilitates access to complementary local finance, which can reduce investors exposure to exchange rate risk. Institutions related to infrastructural support service and a well function banking and financing system are thus necessary n the establishment of incentives for economic actors in Brazil. Hypothesis c The level of economic growth in Brazil is dependent on the stage of development in business facilitation I I Hypothesis I Construct I Data source I(appendix 1) environment rating (10=high) development I I Hypothesis, construct and measurement bib I Predicted effect I Variable definition I Institutional lover business Alleluia 1 1 I (Unsighted average) (10=high) (10=good) I Policy I Tax regime rating (10=good) I Political environment rating 2008 I framework I Policy towards private enterprise rating Macroeconomic environment rating (10=high) I Foreign trade and exchange regime rating Policy environment for foreign investment rating (10=good) 1 bib I Economic determinants I + I Market opportunities rating I Labor market rating (10=good) I Infrastructure rating (10=good) 1 ICC I Business facilitation 1+ I Real effective exchange rate (Cop-based) I Financing rating I Ell-J Scientific Research Design 1 Methods of empirical analysis GAP is a commonly used indicator for economic growth and our analysis is based upon a dataset consisting of the percentage change in real GAP, over previous year % real change pa) fugues in Brazil from 1995 to 2007 and GAP (% real change pa) estimates from 2007-2012 (XIII). In order to explore any relationships between our selected variables and GAP (% real change pa) a regression model will be built. LEN GAP (% real change pa) = boo+ bal Real effective exchange rate (Cop-based) + be overall business environment rating+ ? . The precise definition, form and source of the variables used in our analysis are presented in table 1, which also summarizes the predicted effects of each independent variable on GAP in Brazil. All possible significant combinations will be valuated including isolating each single variable against the dependent variable in order to identify any possible relationship. The descriptive statistics of each variable are presented in the appendix 2. 2 construct measurement AT Independent variables Our measure of development in the overall institutional environment that is used to test hypothesis 1 is based on an aggregate of series of indicators of institutional quality constructed by the Economist Intelligence Unit (XIII). The Ell-J has constructed and Business Environmental Index derived from ten broad determinants of institutional quality. These determinants are essentially a composite of data and opinions taken from a series of business surveys conducted by Ell-J it self. Each of these determinants is reported on a 1-10 scale with higher numbers indicating a more business friendly institutional environment. For the next propositions, we employ the indices separately. The survey has a time span from 1995 to 2012 and consists of 13 variables each consisting of 1 5 observations. From 2007 and beyond are estimate. For the next hypothesis we employ the variables individually. Presentation of results Table 2 I Correlation independent variables and GAP (% real change pa) I Predicted effects Variable definition I Significance I II 1,110 1,183 I Policy towards private enterprise rating (10=good) 1. 263 rating (10=high) I Macroeconomic environment 1. 080 I Foreign trade and exchange regime rating (10=good) 1,155 I Policy environment for foreign investment rating (10=good) determinants I + 1. 249 1. 220 1,126 | . 392 I Economic I Market opportunities rating (10=high) 1,112 1,100 Discussion of results It is difficult proving a statistical meaningful relationship based on econometric tool between institutions and GAP. There are some general problems to our model that loud be accounted for statistically that are beyond the scope of this paper. This is especially related to ten vitality AT ten model winner ten sample size Is problematic. Additionally, the reverse correlation between the variables (nonentity) also plays an important role. The scope of the study should also be taken into consideration, which makes it difficult to infer about this more complex relationship. Here we could be discussing a selection bias, both country and respondent and variable specific. This is a threat to the valid estimation of the general causality between the dependent and the independent variables. It is also known that there is a relationship between these institutional based on former studies of institutional economics (North 1990; North, 1991; Fleeting 1996; Mining 2007). In regards to the validity, construct validity could be discussed in this case, as it is based on interpretation of institutions. Furthermore, the interaction of selection, related to the explanatory variables could bias this study and how the respondents and their responses are correlated with institutions. Nonetheless, the limited time span of the study could be further discussed but more pressuring is history bias and whether other exogenous factors affecting the independent variable, could impact the model, as this could easily be thought to be the case in Brazil. Moreover, we do not know the design of the data gathering process, which could include instrumentation bias. Referring to questions formulation and what is measured, there might also be considerable hypothesis guessing. Referring to the fact that Ell-J respondents could be answering questions in regards to their conception, rather than the measurement purpose. This is threatening the external validity, nonetheless the internal consistency of the questions is also an issue as questions could be overlapping. In line with conclusions from previous studies done on this subject, as a determinant for why econometric models are difficult or lacking in explanation (Houseman, Bibb; Rid, 2004). Tests often imply the interdependence between institutional predictors, which makes it hard to distinguish between the institutional dynamics and economic environment. Radio (2004) is especially critical to this and he has addressed a very central point, which is also relevant to this study, arguing that investors often rate institutional quality high when the economy is doing well. Thereby creating causation that would only be perception based. Whether it is effects of institutions that are measured the causation will still be evident. Furthermore, the nonentity with GAP, makes it a complex web that needs to be dismantled before meaningful results can be given, if possible at all with this type of study. Additionally, effects of institutions are a better estimator rather than framed proxies, consistent with argumentation in (Houseman et al, 2005). The explanation could also be that there is interdependency between different institutional parameters, which is evident from previous research. But how much is related to actual correlation between variables and how much is related to measurement difficulties will also be an issue to the validity of this paper. Nonetheless, the meaning derived from this of experiment. An additional explanation for why the explanatory power of our econometrics is limited as they often point in the right direction but needs to be explored further. (Houseman et al, Bibb) Moreover, policy erects are oaten veldts on a long-term Dados Ana are oaten Indolent ex-ante rather than ex-post. (Redbrick, 2004). This relates to the aspect of data-lags also being a subject to the validity as institutional improvements in a country do not always go hand in hand, the visible results could be shown later, emphasizing difficulties capturing this relationship in any meaningful way. In addition, we do not know if GAP improvements occur because of institutional improvements or the other way around (Radio, 2004). Bowwows and Collins (2003) have statistically tested aspects of institutional theory, and found a correlation between growth and the quality of governing institutions, such as law and order, absence of corruption, and protection of property rights (Bowwows Collins 2003). However, the link is not always apparent and institutional quality should be stressed in this context. But other factors relating to the second best theories also play an important role in a more dynamic context such as Business sectors, information spillovers, Human Capital (Houseman et al, AAA) Furthermore, it is still important to look at institutions in a country specific perspective as differences in geography, factor abundance and, governance structure and linkages. (Houseman et al, AAA) These factors differ from country to country even though economic growth is related to institutions. Econometric cross sectional analysis as a tool to reach an ultimate conclusion on the causes for growth, is therefore problematic. The link between the second best interactions viewed very simplistically is government interactions and reforms. These are difficult to measure and identify, however, the impact of reforms can be reasonably estimated. Reforms do not always live up to the purpose as it should be the right reforms suitable for the circumstances. (Houseman et al, 2005). Validity issues discussed above are rampant in our model, which pose a threat to the reliability of the model. Many models have been built to demonstrate the relationship between institutional environments. The problem is more related to finding an appropriate tool to identify this relationship rather than concluding that the relationship does not exist, or that a relationship is as simplistic as our econometric model can explain which is consistent with that of a more dynamic and holistic approach. The institutional environment in Brazil has improved throughout the time period. The institutional scores from Ell-J (appendix) illustrate that there have been some improvements, but still the growth in GAP is low, compared to the expectations and attention. Recently however, the growth has come up to a more sustainable level to an annual average GAP of 2. 7 % from 2002 until 2007 (DB Research 2006). [pick] I en presidency AT Lull In 2002 veils some explanatory power In relation to economic growth. Since Lull got into presidency in 2002 several economical and political reforms has been set into action. These reforms have tried to overcome some of the problems that, such as reforming the pension system, the bolas familial reform which subsidies poor households, obligatory health checks and keeping children in school (Mining, Bibb). These reforms were initiated with the intension to stabilize Brazil both economically and socially. Due to implications in the structure of Braziers political system, implementing reforms is time challenging and the reforms tend to be extremely gradual in Brazil, mainly because of the fragmented political system, and the strong majority it requires in the congress to implement reforms (DB 2006). Exertions with corruption have also been problematic with framed budget capital and deterioration of public services in order to stop the implementation of reforms (Goldman Sacks 2006). Braziers political system gives the president more influence in he macroeconomic policies. This is important as they keep the macro economic environment stable. The implications of the Brazil governance system affect the initiation of reforms designed to improve economic growth, thus staggering the economic development. Further it is important to take Brazil multifaceted society with a high degree of inequality into consideration. The low quality on the education system and huge differences in income, could both be important reason for Braziers lack of high educated human capital, which some researchers suggest is an supporting factor for economic growth (Hellmann, 2004). Ferreira et al. (2006) paper suggests that it is specifically education of the head of the households that is the most important determinant for the inequality in Brazil (Ferreira et al. 2006).